I built my first homelab from secondhand gear, and it taught me more than a new NAS ever could


NAS units are great. They’re small, energy-efficient, and easy to get running right out of the box. If the only thing you want is a backup solution for your files, and you’re not picky about cost, they’re a good option. However, if you want a real homelab, you’re much better off picking up some secondhand components instead—your machine will be more powerful, and you’ll learn more in the process.

Fixing hardware is a valuable skill

New hardware doesn’t teach you much

No matter how expensive your setup is, something will eventually go wrong.

One of the most valuable things I learned by using old, self-refurbished hardware was how to troubleshoot my equipment effectively. Is that clicking the sound of a fan going bad, or is a hard drive about to die and take all of my data with it? How can this old GPU be fixed up so I can use it for transcoding? Is a bent CPU pin a dealbreaker?

Using secondhand gear teaches you how to deal with everything from questionable parts to weird boot issues. By fixing those problems, you’ll learn how to diagnose almost every problem a computer can throw at you.

If you just buy a new NAS, you skip the most valuable lessons about what is actually happening under the hood.

Quiz
8 Questions · Test Your Knowledge

Unique and creative DIY NAS setups
Trivia challenge

From old laptops to dusty routers — find out how well you know the wild world of homemade network storage.

HardwareNetworkingSoftwareDIY BuildsStorage

Which major advantage makes an old laptop a surprisingly good candidate for a DIY NAS build?

Correct! A laptop’s built-in battery acts like a mini UPS (uninterruptible power supply), protecting your data from sudden power outages. This is a significant perk that desktop-based NAS builds don’t get for free.

Not quite. The big hidden advantage of a laptop NAS is its built-in battery, which functions as a natural UPS. This keeps the system running briefly during power cuts, protecting data integrity without any extra hardware.

Which open-source firmware is most commonly flashed onto compatible routers to enable NAS-like USB storage sharing features?

Correct! OpenWrt is a Linux-based open-source firmware that replaces stock router firmware and adds powerful features, including USB storage sharing via Samba or NFS, turning a basic router into a lightweight NAS.

Not quite. OpenWrt is the go-to open-source firmware for repurposing routers. Once flashed, it supports USB drives connected to the router’s USB port, enabling basic NAS functionality like Samba file sharing on a very small budget.

Which NAS operating system is specifically designed to run well on low-power ARM-based single-board computers like the Raspberry Pi?

Correct! OpenMediaVault (OMV) is a Debian-based NAS OS that supports ARM architectures, making it a popular choice for Raspberry Pi NAS builds. It’s lightweight, free, and has a web-based GUI that simplifies setup.

Not quite. OpenMediaVault is the answer. Unlike TrueNAS or Unraid, OMV is optimized to run on ARM processors, which is why it’s the community favorite for Raspberry Pi-powered NAS projects.

When building a NAS using a Raspberry Pi, what is the most common bottleneck that limits file transfer speeds?

Correct! On older Raspberry Pi models (prior to the Pi 4), both the USB ports and the Ethernet port shared the same USB 2.0 bus, creating a significant bottleneck when transferring data between network and storage simultaneously.

Not quite. The real culprit on older Raspberry Pi models is the shared USB and Ethernet bus. Because both the network adapter and USB storage competed for the same bandwidth, real-world NAS speeds were often far below what the hardware theoretically promised.

What is a ‘Franken-NAS’ commonly referred to in DIY storage communities?

Correct! A ‘Franken-NAS’ is a beloved DIY term for a NAS cobbled together from spare and salvaged parts — old desktop cases, mixed hard drives, and recycled motherboards all stitched together into one functional (if ugly) storage machine.

Not quite. A Franken-NAS refers to a storage build assembled from mismatched, salvaged components — think old desktop parts, second-hand drives, and whatever case happens to fit. It’s a badge of honor in the DIY NAS community.

Which RAID level is recommended for a small 2-drive DIY NAS that prioritizes data redundancy over total storage capacity?

Correct! RAID 1 mirrors data identically across two drives, meaning if one drive fails, your data survives on the other. It cuts your total usable capacity in half but provides simple, reliable redundancy — perfect for a two-drive home NAS.

Not quite. RAID 1 is the right answer for a two-drive redundancy setup. RAID 0 stripes data for speed but has zero redundancy, and RAID 5 or 6 require three or more drives. RAID 1 mirrors your data across both drives for straightforward protection.

What protocol do most DIY NAS builders configure to allow Windows PCs on the local network to browse shared folders like a network drive?

Correct! Samba implements the SMB (Server Message Block) protocol on Linux and Unix systems, enabling seamless file sharing with Windows machines. It’s the standard choice for home NAS builds because Windows natively understands SMB shares.

Not quite. Samba, which uses the SMB protocol, is the standard answer here. It allows Linux-based NAS systems to present their shares in a way Windows PCs understand natively, so you can map them as network drives without any extra client software.

Which low-power x86 platform became extremely popular for DIY NAS and home server builds due to its fanless design and efficient Intel Atom or Celeron processors?

Correct! Compact Chinese-manufactured mini PC boards from brands like Topton and Cwwk, featuring Intel’s N100 or N5105 processors, became hugely popular in the DIY NAS community around 2022–2024. They offer multiple 2.5GbE ports, low power draw, and multiple SATA connections at a very low price.

Not quite. The Topton and Cwwk N100-based mini PC motherboards became a community favorite for budget DIY NAS builds. They pack multiple Ethernet ports, SATA connections, and efficient modern CPUs into a tiny, affordable package that traditional options couldn’t match at the price.

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You learn to squeeze more out of hardware

You choose the OS and every app

Proxmox with a new container open.

Since I was working with an older Intel i5, I had to be very selective about the software I used. I couldn’t just run a heavy operating system and a pile of apps and assume it would run smoothly.

A NAS is convenient because it’s mostly click-and-go, you don’t have to make too many decisions like that. Typically, the most you can do is log into your NAS and fire up a few containerized applications with Docker.

WD Red Pro

Storage Capacity

2 – 26TB

Workload

550TB/yr

Suitable for

NAS

Western Digital’s Red Pro NAS hard drives come in sizes from 2TB to 26TB.


When you build your own system from scratch—especially if it is older hardware—you get unavoidable, valuable lessons in operating systems, background processes, and storage file systems. You learn exactly when a container is a better choice than a VM (which is most cases), and why a hypervisor OS like Proxmox should be your starting point for any home lab.

That extra effort isn’t for nothing either. Once you get a handle on things, a 5-year-old gaming PC will usually outperform even top-shelf NAS units and cost less.

You can build a scalable system

PCIe lanes on a motherboard. Credit: Ismar Hrnjicevic / How-To Geek

Working with older components also taught me how to build around what I already had instead of just replacing everything when it wasn’t enough.

Unfortunately, NAS units don’t have much of an upgrade path at all, if any. Sometimes you can add more drives, and if you’re willing to tinker, you might be able to add more RAM. If you need anything extra, you’re probably out of luck. The only takeaway is, “I have to replace this completely, it can’t do what I want.”

Eventually, all computers will become so outdated that they need to be replaced, but secondhand components usually give your homelab a longer lease on life than you’d expect. The Intel i5 was my starting point, but when I originally picked it up, it only had 4GB of RAM. I upgraded the RAM to 16GB (a lot at the time), tossed in an ATI Radeon 4890 for processes that could use a GPU, and the system soldiered on for many years.


A person's hands holding an Anrdoid phone with the Finamp app in front of a computer screen.


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Regardless of what you’re self-hosting, picking up second-hand PC components will teach you how to build a system that is adaptable. Need faster networking or an extra port? You can add a NIC. Want more storage? You can pick up two used server drives and set them up with RAID for redundancy.

You’ll be able to self-host anything

A NAS will feel limited by comparison

Front view of the Synology DS425+ NAS.-2 Credit: Jordan Gloor / How-To Geek

Once you pick up the ability to build, troubleshoot, and manage as a homelab, you’ll be able to self-host almost anything.

NASes do support other applications and services besides the simple backup options, but your choices are pretty limited. It usually isn’t super easy to just add a non-supported service and run it on your NAS. You’re mostly restricted to using the apps and services that you’re offered by your NAS unit’s operating system.

On the other hand, the home lab you cobble together from second-hand parts has taught you the ins and outs of the hardware and software that make up a homelab. Firing up a new service that was just released is often as simple as creating a new container, cloning a GitHub repo, and running the appropriate script.


shutterstock_205511164 (1)


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Build your homelab yourself

Cobbling together a homelab for the first time is much harder than buying a NAS, but it is an adventure that pays off in the long haul. Every technical challenge will require you to learn something important that using a NAS completely misses.

That first generation i5 I started with powered some of my self-hosted services for more than 12 years, and survived RAM swaps, the widespread adoption of SSDs by the general consumer market, 20 or so different Minecraft servers, and one spilled coffee. Most NAS units that age would have been decaying in a landfill by that time.

Today, my self-hosted services live on a mixture of SBCs and yet another refurbished PC, and whatever replaces it will probably be refurbished components too.

WD_BLACK 2TB SSD on a white background.

Storage capacity

2TB

Hardware Interface

PCIE x 4

TBW

7300 MB/s

Compatible Devices

Laptop, Motherboards

Brand

Western Digital

Dimensions

3.15″L x 0.87″W x 0.09″Th

The WD_Black 2TB SSD is great for gaming. It offers read speeds of up to 7,300 MB/s and features an optional heatsink. The drive includes the wd_black dashboard software for monitoring health and customizing RGB lighting on compatible models.




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Recent Reviews


I consider myself part of many fandoms. Some are from my childhood, others from college, and now, as a young adult, but they all mean something to me on some level. One of those just happens to be Star Wars.

For years, I have adored the Star Wars franchise, mainly because I grew up on those movies. But I must admit, the best Star Wars film isn’t one of the classics from the 1970s and 1980s. No, it’s actually a rather new one—and it’s time you gave it the praise it deserves.

Rogue One is the best Star Wars movie by far

It simply can’t be beaten

Jyn Erso in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story speaking to someone. Credit: Lucasfilm

So hear me out.

What are my credentials to say this? Really, none except for the fact that I grew up watching the entire franchise, as I’m sure most people reading this article did. I am a fan whose brother was obsessed with Luke Skywalker and Han Solo and whose father would meticulously quote Yoda as if he were real. I was raised on Star Wars, both the Star Wars movies and TV shows.

So I must admit that I’ve watched the first movies a few times, the prequel films many times, and, of course, the sequel movies. And they’re all great. Trust me. They are. But to me, Rogue One, otherwise known as Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, is the best film in the series.


Star Wars logo.


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You can’t really surpass some of the iconic moments that have cemented themselves into movie history from the originals, such as the legendary reveal of Darth Vader being Luke’s father, Han and Leia’s love exchange, and, of course, the epic lightsaber fights that happen in both the original films and the prequels.

But I think what makes Rogue One the best Star Wars film is that it’s the perfect movie set in the Star Wars universe, with a plot that matters without trying to be anything else. It doesn’t aim to become bigger than it originally was—a story about a group of rebels who begin the entire story of A New Hope thanks to what they did.

The characters make it so much more enthralling

My favorite ones come from here!

I think what really stands out in Rogue One is the memorable characters. One was so memorable and beloved that Disney created a critically acclaimed TV show about the character. That’s how you know they were good.

But they weren’t just well-written characters with complex backstories and interesting comedic bits. They were likable. I feel like a lot of Star Wars characters fall into an unlikable trap.

There are plenty of characters who are likable and memorable, but I’m not entirely sure their stories are as fleshed out, so we see their flaws much more easily. I honestly think a big reason fans didn’t like Rey as much was that her story didn’t feel as well-told. They tried to make her bigger than she needed to be—her original story, of just being a random girl with the Force who had no connection to anything else, felt a lot more original than her being a granddaughter of Palpatine.

That’s what makes Jyn Erso (played by Felicity Jones), the main protagonist of Rogue One, so good. Yes, she is the daughter of an Imperial scientist, but she doesn’t have any powers, secret abilities, or anything like that. She’s a rebel who aims to help and is very human and flawed but does her best. Those traits are carried out throughout every character we meet in Rogue One, including Cassian Andor (Diego Luna).​​​​​​​

The action and special effects are top-tier

The BEST blaster fights

A ship explodes from bombs in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. Credit: Lucasfilm

I know for a fact that the sequel films fell into a bad rhythm with their action. It didn’t feel as well-choreographed or as well-executed as the special effects in previous films. But with Rogue One? It never feels like that.

I honestly believe it’s because the movie is more grounded in war than in epic space battles and moving things with the force all the time. It’s about a group of humans and droids who are trying to work together to bring an end to the Empire. Most of them don’t really have powers, and that leads to some really well-done sequences that feel real in ways where even we could relate to them.

Of course, there’s that epic final scene of Darth Vader basically destroying and killing everyone with his skills and the force, but that doesn’t feel pushed into the story. That feels authentically woven into the storyline and done in a way that shows his power and how it connects to the overall story. That’s an effective way to use that kind of power.

War-focused action with a little hint of those special effects made this so much better.

The original films are still great, but just not my favorite

Jyn and Cassian have my heart

I’m not saying I don’t love the original Star Wars movies because that is not the case. I love the originals and the sequels with a heavy passion. There’s a reason why most Star Wars board and card games are centered around those characters—we love them because we grew up with them.

From a theatrical perspective, with its compelling story, well-developed characters, and impressive effects, Rogue One stands out as the supreme leader of the series. I genuinely cannot find a fault in this film within the grand timeline of the Star Wars universe, and honestly, I wish we got more of movies like this.

Grounded Star Wars feels so much more relatable, and I think that’s a big reason why Rogue One is successful. As much as we love the powers and the Force and epic lightsaber fights, we would all most likely be like Jyn or Cassian, rebels trying to fight for the greater good. And I think that’s beautiful.

Either way, we’ll still be getting plenty of new Star Wars content soon, including a Darth Maul show, apparently. Maybe something new will surpass Rogue One. But for now, I doubt it. And if you haven’t seen Rogue One, you should check it out on Disney+.

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