How error recovery timeouts will break your RAID


So you’ve scored a good deal on a dedicated NAS, but it didn’t come with any drives. No problem, you happen to have some old desktop PC drives lying around that fit perfectly. The NAS powers on, the drives work, and you feel pretty good about yourself.

Sadly, you’re probably setting yourself up for disappointment, because regular PC desktop drives aren’t the right fit for NAS duty. Instead, you should opt for purpose-built NAS drives, and I’ll give you more than a few good reasons why.

Not all hard drives are designed for 24/7 operation

It’s not what your desktop drive signed up for

If you take a second to think about it, you’ll realize that the job of a desktop hard drive and a NAS drive are very different. A desktop drive spends most of its time spun-down and idling. Especially these days with SSDs playing the role of system drive. Desktop drives provide good performance in short bursts, but aren’t really thrashed that hard.

Drives in a NAS however, need to serve the needs of multiple users and automated software such as backup agents. The NAS itself also constantly does checks and maintenance, standing ready to serve or receive data at a moment’s notice.

In other words, purpose-built NAS drives are designed to run all day, every day, without complaint. These differing design goals have significant real-world impact. In the end, if your NAS is NAS-ing as intended, it’s going to thrash those desktop drives in a way they aren’t rated for and potentially shorten their operational lives.

Vibration is a serious problem in multi-drive systems

These are not the good kind of vibes

When computers still had mechanical hard drives in them by default, there might be two or three of them in a nice spacious tower. However, in a proper NAS you might stuff four, six, eight or more drives into close proximity and they’re all running.

This means lots of vibration, which can and does create interference with read and write operations. NAS drives include rotational vibration sensors that allow the drives to compensate for that interference in real time, maintaining performance, preventing excessive wear, and reducing the chances of read or write errors.

It might not be a big deal in a two-bay NAS, but if you’re moving into big-boy territory, it’s a significant factor.

Error recovery behavior can break RAID arrays

Desktop drives aren’t team players

Ugreen NAS and Geekom mini PCs on a wooden homelab shelf. Credit: Patrick Campanale / How-To Geek

If you’ve invested in a multi-bay NAS, you probably plan to use a RAID array so that there’s some redundancy for your data in case some drives go down. That’s a great idea, but a desktop drive might be the wrong choice for one important reason.

All modern hard drives have built-in error correction, and when the drive detects an error it will try to fix it internally before letting the drive controller know about it. Trying everything to recover a bad sector is good behavior in a single desktop drive. After all, there’s no redundancy, so saving the data is a top priority.

In a RAID array there is another copy of that data, so drives designed for this purpose don’t spend as much time trying to recover. This is important, because of a drive is unresponsive for too long while trying to recover from an error, the RAID controller might interpret that as the drive being dead, at which point it gets dropped from the RAID array. Fixing this issue can then involve a long and painful rebuild process.

Reliability ratings and validation are on another level

They’re just built different

I already alluded to this above, but the biggest argument for NAS drives is simply that they are built tough. That’s why they cost more. They are tested and certified for running NAS workloads, to be packed in with other drives, and to run all the time.

As a consequence, these drives have much longer warranties than your average desktop drive. This reflects the confidence the manufacturer has in that drive, and it also gives you a good idea of how much you can trust it. While a desktop drive might have a two-year warranty, NAS drives tend to offer 3-5 years.

This means if you invest in these drives now, you’ll get repairs or replacements for longer, and you can time your drive replacement schedule accordingly.


I don’t want to tell you not to equip your NAS with the drives you have or can get for cheap. However, you need to understand the data integrity risks you get from pushing desktop drives into a workload profile they were not designed for. If the data on you NAS isn’t that important and you just want something to store data for a year or two, then go right ahead. But you can’t say no one told you otherwise.

WD Red Plus 2TB NAS HDD.

Storage Capacity

2TB

Brand

Western Digital

Spindle speed

5400 RPM

Workload

180 TB per year

Cache

64MB

Suitable for

NAS




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Recent Reviews


Spotify aims to provide a consistent listening experience that uses minimal data. As a result, your audio quality might be less than ideal, especially if you’re using a pair of high-fidelity headphones or high-end speakers. Here’s how to fix that.

Switch audio streaming quality to Very High or Lossless

The default audio streaming quality in both the mobile and desktop Spotify apps is set to Automatic, which usually keeps the audio quality at Normal, which is only 96 Kbps. Even though Spotify uses the Ogg Vorbis codec, which is superior to MP3, OGG files exhibit slight (but noticeable) digital noise, poor bass detail, dull treble, and a narrow soundstage at 96 Kbps.

Even worse, Spotify is aggressive about adjusting the automatic bitrate. Even though 4G is more than fast enough to stream high-quality OGG files, even with a weak signal, Spotify may still drop the quality to Low, which has a bitrate of just 24 Kb/s. You will notice such a sharp drop in quality, even on a pair of bottom-of-the-barrel headphones.

To rectify this, open the Spotify app, tap your user image, open “Settings and privacy,” and tap the “Media Quality” menu. Once there, set Wi-Fi streaming quality and cellular streaming quality to “Very high” or “Lossless.”

I recommend setting cellular streaming quality to Very high and reserving Lossless for Wi-Fi, since lossless streaming is very data-intensive. One hour of streaming lossless files can take up to 1GB of data, as well as a good chunk of your phone’s storage, because Spotify caches files you’re frequently streaming. Besides, you’ll struggle to notice the difference unless you’re listening to music on a wired pair of high-end headphones or speakers; wireless connection just doesn’t have the bandwidth needed to convey the full fidelity of Spotify lossless audio.

You might opt for High quality if you have a capped data plan, but I recommend doing so only if you stream hours upon hours’ worth of music every single day over a cellular network. For instance, I burn through about 8 GB of data per month on average while streaming about two hours of very high-quality music over a cellular network each day.

Illustration of a headphone with various music icons around.


How Audio Compression Works and Why It Can Affect Your Music Quality

Feeling the squeeze when listening to your favorite song?

Set audio download quality to Very high or Lossless

If you tend to download songs and albums for offline listening, you should also set the audio download quality to “Very high” or “Lossless.” This setting is located just under the audio streaming quality section.

The audio download quality menu in Spotify's mobile app.

If you’ve got enough free storage on your phone, opt for the latter, but if you’d rather save storage space, set it to Very high. You’ll hardly hear the difference, but lossless files are about five times larger than the 320 Kb/s OGG files Spotify offers at its Very high quality setting, and they can quickly fill up your phone’s storage.

Adjust video streaming quality at your discretion

The last section of the Media quality menu is Video streaming quality. This sets the quality of video podcasts and music videos available for certain songs. Since I care about neither, I set it to “Very high” on Wi-Fi and “Normal” on cellular, but you should tweak the two options at your discretion because songs sound notably better at higher video streaming quality levels.

If you often watch videos over cellular and have unlimited data, feel free to toggle video quality to very high.

Make sure Data Saver mode is disabled

Even if your audio quality is set to Very high or Lossless, Spotify will switch to low-quality streaming if the app’s Data saver mode is enabled. This option is located in the Data saving and offline menu. Open the menu, then set it to “Always off,” or choose “Automatic” to have Spotify’s Data Saver mode kick in alongside your phone’s Data Saver mode.

You can also enable volume normalization and play around with the built-in equalizer

Spotify logo in the center of the screen with an equalizer in front. Credit: Lucas Gouveia / How-To Geek

Last but not least, there are two additional features you can play with to improve your listening experience. The first is volume normalization, which sets the same loudness for every track you’re listening to. This can be handy because different albums are mastered at different loudness levels, with newer music usually being louder.

Since I’m an album-oriented listener, I keep the option disabled. I can just play an album and set the audio volume accordingly, and I don’t really mind louder songs when listening to playlists, artists, or song radios.

But if you can’t stand one song being quiet and the next rattling the windows, visit the Playback menu, enable “Volume normalization,” and set it to “Quiet” or “Normal.” The “Loud” option can digitally compress files, and neither Spotify nor I recommend using it. This also happens with “Quiet” and “Normal,” since both adjust the decibel level of the master recording for each song, but the compression level is much lower and extremely hard to notice.

Before I end this, I should also mention that you can access the equalizer directly from the Spotify app, where you can fine-tune your music listening experience or pick one of the available equalizer presets. If your phone has a built-in equalizer, Spotify will open it; if it doesn’t, you can use Spotify’s. On my phone (a Samsung Galaxy S21 FE), I can only use One UI’s built-in equalizer.

To open the equalizer, open “Playback,” then hit the “Equalizer” button. Now you can equalize your audio to your heart’s content.


Adjusting just a few settings can have a drastic impact on your Spotify listening experience. If you aren’t satisfied with Spotify’s sound quality, make sure to adjust the audio before jumping ship. You should also check the sound quality settings from time to time, as Spotify can reset them during app updates.​​​​​​​

Three phones with a Spotify screen and the logo in the center.


These 8 Spotify Features Are My Favorite Hidden Gems

Look for these now.



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