The Download: AI bottleneck debates, and BCI trials take off


This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

A startup claims it broke through a bottleneck that’s holding back LLMs

AI startup Subquadratic came out of stealth last month with a huge claim: it had solved a mathematical bottleneck that had held back large language models for almost a decade.

The purported breakthrough comes from slashing the number of computations transformers need to carry out to generate answers. The result is a faster and cheaper LLM that uses far less energy than any other model on the market.

Many experts remained skeptical—but Subquadratic has started to share the receipts. They suggest that their approach might be worth paying attention to.

Here’s how the system works—and why some researchers still aren’t convinced.

—Will Douglas Heaven

Brain-computer interface trials are taking off

—Jessica Hamzelou

This week, I covered the story of Casey Harrell—a man with ALS who is “the first power user” of a brain implant. The device has enabled him to maintain an income, reconnect with friends and family, and read to his daughter. He told me that it’s “nothing short of revolutionary.” 

Over the past couple of years, the number of BCI trial volunteers has soared. This year, China became the first country to approve a BCI for medical use. Advances in technology are allowing engineers to provide more features than ever. BCI research is properly taking off.

Find out how the technology is edging from the lab towards the market.

This story is from The Checkup, our weekly newsletter giving you the inside track on all things biotech. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Thursday.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 Amazon workers who backed data center limits may face termination
The engineers say they’re under investigation by the company. (NYT $)
+ And could face discipline, including potential termination. (The Verge)
+They had testified at meetings about pausing data centers. (CNBC)
+ They’ve filed a joint complaint to Seattle’s Office for Civil Rights. (Wired $)

2 A new fossil discovery has rewritten 150 years of evolutionary theory
It suggests early land vertebrates skipped the tadpole stage. (New Scientist $)
+ And raises questions about how vertebrates adapted to land. (404 Media)
+ Sponges may have been the first animals. (MIT Technology Review)
 
3 Bernie Sanders plans to give the public direct ownership of AI firms
He’s unveiled new legislation to create an AI sovereign wealth fund. (AP News)
+ It would be funded through a one-time tax on AI companies’ stock. (Quartz)
+ And make annual payments directly to Americans. (Washington Post $) 
 
4 Investors in China secretly acquired stakes in SpaceX before its IPO
One had ties to Chinese military contractors. (ProPublica)
+ The US fears China has got one of ASML’s top machines. (Reuters $)
 
5 Researchers have figured out Russia’s nuclear-powered missile
They call it “a terrible idea”—but not an impossible one. (NPR)
+ NASA is building a nuclear reactor-powered spacecraft. (MIT Technology Review)
 
6 Longevity medicine faces a do-or-die moment in a landmark trial
It will test whether cellular aging can be safely reversed in humans. (Axios)
+ The next step is “chemical reprogramming.” (MIT Technology Review)
 
7 Studies suggest AI may already be deskilling professionals
Over-reliance appears to weaken doctors’ and engineers’ abilities. (Nature)
 
8 Tech workers who maxed out their AI use are now trying to minimize it
Spiralling costs mean “tokenminning” has replaced “tokenmaxxing.” (NYT $)
 
9 Scientists say the human genome’s structure may confound AI models
Which would constrain AI-based models of biology and disease. (Quanta)

10 A new robotic self-driving toilet brings the bathroom to you
The Xiaoban also cleans up and empties itself all on its own. (The Verge)

Quote of the day

“They hated me. They were doing everything they could to knock me down. And look at them now.” 

—Donald Trump mocks Mark Zuckerberg and Jeff Bezos in a conversation with Elon Musk that’s recounted in a new book, Wired reports

One More Thing

chicken network

PABLO DELCAN


Technology can help us feed the world, if we look beyond profit

The pandemic exposed the weak spots in our interconnected food system. They’re the result of decades’ worth of technological advances, from globe-spanning shipping to refrigeration networks. But technology is not inherently opposed to sustainable and resilient food systems.

Powerful technologies like genetic modification can create stronger local agriculture and a healthier food system—but they normally aren’t. The challenge is ensuring they serve food security and human well-being, rather than simply maximizing profits.

Dive into our food system’s problems and the solutions that technology can provide.

—Fabio Parasecoli

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun, and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)

+ This intriguing video tracks the covert reality of Japan’s shinobi.
+ Dive into this admirably obsessive archive covering over 100 different ways to tie your shoes.
+ One of the world’s largest digital collections of plants and fungi is now available for free to everyone.
+ A grand orchestra has beautifully covered Michael Jackson’s “Human Nature” at Abbey Road Studios.



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Recent Reviews


I am a recent convert to physical media — yet even as someone getting back into buying discs in 2026, I haven’t been buying Blu-rays. Like many Americans, I still pick up DVDs instead. These aren’t great times for the Blu-ray format, and don’t expect a turnaround in 2026.

Fewer new releases make their way to Blu-ray

More media is now released exclusively for streaming

Blu-ray has been around for two decades, but it never managed to fully replace, or even overtake, the DVD format it was designed to supersede. We still can’t take for granted that our favorite movies, let alone TV shows, will eventually see a Blu-ray release.

The movies most likely to come to Blu-ray are the ones that hit theaters, but a growing amount of cinema is designed exclusively with streaming platforms in mind. I recently rewatched Mississippi Masala, which led me to check in on what work Sarita Choudhury has done over the decades since. A film called Evil Eye released in 2020 caught my eye. Unfortunately, it’s only available via Prime Video. There’s no Blu-ray or even a DVD. In contrast, it’s easy to watch Michael B. Jordan in Sinners on Blu-ray, since that movie came to theaters last year.

You could say that it makes sense that a movie with a 4.8/10 rating on IMDb doesn’t see a physical release, but in the heyday of physical video, store shelves were stacked not only with just the big-budget bangers but plenty of straight-to-DVD movies as well. Now those films exist to pad out streaming catalogs instead.

Fewer big box stores stock their shelves with physical discs

Blu-ray discs have disappeared from some stores entirely

Best Buy store front
Best Buy

The format’s demise is striking. I frequent my local Best Buy quite often and don’t see any movies on display. That’s because the retailer stopped selling movies in stores several years ago. Walmart still sells them, but the selection is a fraction of what you could find ten or twenty years ago. The audience has been reduced down to the shrinking number of people whose internet at home can’t handle streaming and those who might think of themselves as collectors.

If you venture onto Reddit and visit r/Blu-ray, you will find more threads about thrift store hauls and older collections than excitement over the latest new release. Don’t get me wrong — I, too, am very excited about seeing what gems I can snag for only a couple bucks, but this shows the challenge retailers face. Increasingly, only enthusiasts are prepared to drop over $20 on a disc.

I’m not buying discs to stick them in a player

Phone on a stand playing a Netflix video Credit: Bertel King / How-To Geek

The simple truth is that most people don’t want to buy physical media. Discs don’t fit in phones, and the drives are no longer available in most laptops. Even desktop PCs lack a place to put a disk. I recently built a PC for the first time in part to digitize my media library, and I rely on an external DVD drive connected via USB. Yes, DVD, not Blu-ray. A smaller file size combined with upscaling is easier on my hard drive.

Retro nostalgia hasn’t helped Blu-ray in the same way it has aided vinyl. This is in part because most people simply don’t care all that much about video quality. Most are streaming video on Netflix and YouTube at middling settings on small screens, and many of us are acclimated to mid-range phone speakers, compared to which even the subpar built-in speakers on modern TVs sound like a huge step-up. It’s hard to convince large numbers of people to purchase an expensive version of a movie in a format that requires thousands of dollars of home media equipment to truly appreciate.

4K Ultra HD is in an even worse position

It’s been a decade, yet few people own these discs

The 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray format is an enhancement, rather than a replacement, of the Blu-ray discs that first appeared in 2006. Debuting in 2016, the 4K Ultra HD format supports the max resolution of a 4K TV.

4K TVs were still somewhat of a novelty ten years ago, but they’re cheap and commonplace today. Still, people aren’t demanding 4K-quality Blu-ray movies as a result. These discs are still less common than 1080p ones, which are themselves still outnumbered by DVDs.

This isn’t merely a matter of consumers preferring the cheaper option. Often, 4K simply isn’t a choice, or it’s one that arrives significantly later, like the Switch port of a PC title. Some recent films, like Exit 8, are slated to see a physical release over the summer yet will still be in 1080p when they do. Adoption of the newest format has been that slow.

The industry isn’t helping itself, either. 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray discs come with DRM and aren’t easy to play on a modern PC, further limiting potential growth. They do not want anyone pirating these super high-quality versions. When you consider that some of these 4K Blu-rays have an AI upscaling problem, you’re paying more for what may not even be the best version.​​​​​​​


Blu-ray is seeing fewer releases, is available in fewer places, and is less accessible in the ways many of us want to watch TV shows and movies in 2026. With our portable devices getting better and internet speeds getting faster, it’s hard to see physical video staging a turnaround, even if we’re still a long way off from it going away entirely.



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